Antibacterial Properties of Compounds from S. Frutescens

Anti bacteriuml Properties of Compounds from S. FrutescensKabir PremaIntroductionRationaleThere are approximately 6.1 million good process living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired insubordinate Deficiency Syndrome in southernmost Africa (Unaids.org, 2014). People with HIV/Aids grow a higher risk of getting secondary transmissions and diseases such as Tuberculosis, which is the ca social occasion of many a(prenominal) deaths in south Africa (Tbfacts.org, 2014). About 5.5 million people in South Africa are infected with Tuberculosis (Salim S. Abdool Karim, 2009). I find chosen to look for and experiment on the Sutherlandia frutescens beca intention it has anti-bacterial and anti-HIV properties (Katerere and Eloff, 2014). I as comfortably as have a keen interest in alternative medicines so researching and exam a seed with many diverse properties such as S. frutescens lead be an interesting and fruitful experience for me.HypothesisCompounds ex leafleted f rom S. frutescens have bacteriacide properties.AimTo test three origin modes ( water supply, ethanol and acetone) on S. frutescens, to checker which system will have the most effective anti-bacterial properties on both dissimilar nisuss of bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis).Research and Experimental MethodologyFor this project I will rely on secondary research. Which includes research articles and information from websites on the S. frutescens, commition methods of bacteriacide compounds and statistics regarding specific diseases affecting South Africa. I will in addition be doing primary research such as victimisation different pedigree methods to rend the bacteriacide compounds from S. frutescens. I will interrogation the extracts on two different strains of bacteria.LimitationsThe limitations that I would face in my research task would be the reliability of the research articles I employ with regards to the S.frutescens. The strains of bacteria that Im utilize ar e harmful to humanity beings. come off of LiteratureSource 1TitleA brush up of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, interpersonal chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae).AuthorsB-E. van Wyk, C. AlbrechtYear of generalation2008SummaryThe article is a review of many different articles on S. frutescens. The article foc cases on the chemistry and ethnopharmacology of S. frutescens. It names the ailments that S. frutescens is employ to treat ailments such as urinary tract infections and HIV. Its likewise used as an bacteriacide and anti-inflammatory. Its has been shown that S. frutescens has been widely used as a medication by various groups in South Africa particularly the in the Western Cape. grimnessThis article is review of many different articles and most of theinformation is derived from other articles concerningS. frutescens and its properties and uses.ReliabilityThis article is from the ledger of Ethnopharmacology, which is published on the journal publis hing site elsevier.com. The journal was in like manner reviewed by a board of editors from manydifferent countries.Evidence use to support remnantThe leaves of the Sutherlandia frutescens have antibacterial properties. Recent studies on this found have mostly focused on the anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic and antibacterial activities. improvementThe article describes the many uses and properties of S. frutescens such as its antibacterial properties, its anti-inflammatory and its anti-HIV properties. The article also goes everyplace the many uses of S. frutescens ovLimitationsThe article doesnt elaborate on much on the antibacterial activities of S.frutescens The article doesnt show methods of extracting S.frutescens.Author CredentialsB-E. van Wyk is a professor at the Universityof Johannesburg and teaches undergraduate arrange taxonomy,postgraduate taxonomy, systematics, chemosystematics of Africanplant families, medical plant ch emistry and ethnobotany.Source 2TitleAntibacterial and Antioxidant employment of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), A Reputed Anti-HIV/AIDS PhytomedicineAuthorsDavid R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff*Year of publication2005SummaryThe article describes the extraction methods that were used to extract S.frutescens The article also describes the how the different extracts where tested on different strains of bacteria. The article is closely the antibacterial and antioxidant act of S.frutescens. The second method of extraction produced a greater yield than the first base method of extraction. daringThe first extraction method used five dollar bill grams of a commercially accessible leaf sample of Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele). The Sutherlandia frutescens (Sutherlandia/ Unwele) sample was consecutively extracted three times utilize different substances, first with Hexane (coded SF-H), then by dichloromethane (DCM) (SF-D), then by acetone (SF-A) and finally by ethy lacetate (SF-E). The second method consisted of splitting a leaf sample of a Sutherlandia frutescens into three portions weighing 5g each. The portions where portions where extracted separately in two ways with acetone, ethanol and water. Each extract was then dried-out using a rotary evaporator and weighed. The aqueous extract was then freeze dried.ReliabilityS, frutescens was extracted using two different extraction methods.Evidence use to support conclusionThe total yield of all four solvents in the first method of extraction was 10.5%. In the second extraction method, acetone extracted 5.6%. Ethanol extracted 12.6% composition eater extracted 17.2%.UsefulnessIts useful as it gives methods to extract the alert ingredientfrom the plant.LimitationsThe article doesnt give a interrogatory method that I can easily perform at school.Authors CredentialsDavid R. Katerere Specialist Scientist at SA MRC, Visitingscientist at Scynexis, visiting scientist at UNINA, traineePharmacist at Drug Tech Pharmacy, Chief Bioanalyst atPAREXEL, post doc at University of capital of South AfricaJacobus N. Eloff* Gold Medal for light for party academy for Science of South Africa (September 2012), Goldmedal of the South African academy for Science and blind isawarded for Scientific and Technological Achievement, Bronzemedal from the internationalistic Horticultural party (December2008) in recognition of the organising the World Conference on Medical and Aromatic Plants.Source 3TitleFive genus genus Ochna species have high antibacterial activity and to a greater extentthan ten antibacterial compoundsAuthorsTshepiso J. Makhafola1Jacobus N. Eloff1Year of publication2011SummaryThe article is about the antibacterial activities of five Ochna species. Leaf samples where extracted using different mediums from the leaf. The extracts were tested against various strains of bacteria.ValidityThe dried leaf powder was extracted with 20mL of acetone.The solution was then shaken in 50 mL c entrifuge tubes andcentrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The extracts weredecanted through into glass vials through filter papers and thesolution was concentrated to graveness with a stream of cold air.Only clean and dry leaves were selected, the selected leaves had no blemishes or dirt. The leaves were not washed with water as the water would by chance extract some water-soluble compounds, and to limit the posibilty of fungal suppuration on the leaves due to the moisture left on the surface due to the water. The leaves were dried at room temperature in the dark. The leaves were then made into a book powder, with the particles being less than 1 mm in diameter. The leaves were then stored in sealed glass bottles in the dark to reduce chemical changes in the compounds present in the leaves.ReliabilityThere were no competing interests the article.Evidence use to support conclusionThe percentage yield in acetone amid the five species was O. gamostigmata (8%), followed by O. pulc hdra, (7.5%), O. serullata (7%) O. pretorienses and O. natalitia ((2.5%)UsefulnessThis article shows different extraction methods and it also givesa suggestion to which extraction method and solvent workedthe best to extract the particular compounds. It provides detailedimages, tables and graphs which makes it easier to view the datathat was collected.LimitationsOnly gives information about on genus of plant (Ochna) and there is no information of S. frutescens. Authors CredentialsKobus (Jacobus N) Eloff Gold Medal for Science for Society,Eskom award for capacitor development, Gold medal of the SouthAfrican Academy for Science and Art is awarded for Scientificand Technological Achievement, Gold Medal for BotanyTshepiso Makhafola Attended the University of Pretoria from2008-2010. He has skills and expertise in research, molecularbiology and biotechnology.Source 4Title bow of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cellnumbers, morphology and gene recipe in MCF-7cellsAuthorsB.A. Stander a, S. Maraisa, T.J. Steynberga, D. Theronb, F.Joubertc, C. Albrechtdand A.M. JoubertaYear of publication2007SummaryThe article is about the go of S.frutescens on cell numbers, morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. An extraction was made our of small twogs and leaves, the solution was then filtered. It was demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of S. frutescens inhibited multiplying of MCF-7 mammary adenocarcinoma cells.ValidityDulbeccos minimum essential medium eagle (DMEM)with Glutamax (Gibco BRL, USA) TrypsinEDTA lechatelierite violet DNA stain was used to determine thenumber of cells. (Spectrophotometrically) warmness inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) was used toculture the MCF 7 human detractor cell line. Penicillin was used to culture the MCF 7 human embrace cell line. Streptomycin was used to culture MCF 7 humanbreast cell line. Sterile cell culture flasks 96- salutary plates where used to house the culturing cells. MCF-7 human breast a denoma carcinoma cell lin ewere cultured in DMEM Cell word structure Two hundred and fifty thousandMCF-7 cells were put onto heat-sterilized coverslipsin well plates and they were exposed to 1.5 mg/ml ofSutherlandia Frutescence extract for periods of 24, 36,48, and 72 hours at 37C cells where counted using amicrosceope.ReliabilitySterile culture flasks and well plates where used, the cultureswhere kept at a constant temperature of 37C and in ahumidified atmosphere with 5% CO2, the specimens ofSutherlandia frutescens were air dried in the spirit in thearea of Murraysburg in the Karoo, to reduce the chancedegradation of the specimens. The specimens where setas Sutherlandia frutescens by the botany and biotechnologydepartment at the university of Johannesburg.1 gram of Sutherlandia frutescens was mixed with 10ml of 70%ethanol to produce a stock list solution. After the extraction of theSutherlandia frutescens it was centrifuged to remove any debrisand then it was filtered double to obtain a purified 100mg/m lstock solution.The cells where cultured for 24 hours. fomite controles whereused prove the effectiveness of the Sutherladnia frutescens.The results that were obtained were statistically analysed forsignificance using depth psychology of variance factor model. This wasthen proceeded by a two-tailed Students t-test.Evidence use to support conclusionThe ethanol extracts of the Sutherlandia frutescens inhibitedthe harvesting of the MCF-7 mammary adencarcenoma cells of theperiod of 72 hours. 1.5 mg/ml of the Sutherlandia frutescensethanol extract was statistically found to reduce 50% of thegrowth of MCF-7 cell over 24 hours when compared to thevehicle-treated control.UsefulnessIt shows different methods of extracting the Sutherlandiafrutescens and different substances used to extract the plant. Italso gives results that have been statistically proven.LimitationsThere arent any tests to prove its antibacterial effectiveness.The article doesnt mention the chemical compounds present inthe plant that prove its effectiveness.Authors CredentialsB.A. Stander surgical incision of Physiology, University ofPretoria, P.O. boxful 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaS. Marais Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria,P.O. nook 2034, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfricaT.J. Steynberg Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaD. Theron ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaF. Joubert Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South AfricaC. Albrecht Cancer Association of South Africa, P.O. Box 2121, Bedfordview 2008, South AfricaA.M. Joubert Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaSource 5TitleAntibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)AuthorsStefano Banfi, Enrico Caruso, Viviana Orlandi, Paola Barbieri,Serena Cavallari, Paolo Vigan, Pierange lo Clerici and LucaChiodaroliYear of publication2014SummaryGuiera senegalensis and Combretum micranthum lwaves wereused and tested on for the presence of antibacterial compounds.Five solvents were used to extract the plant corporal the solventswere used in increasing polarity. Escherichia coli C1a andStaphylococcus aureus MSSA were used to test the antibacterialeffectiveness of the plants. A bioautographic method was used tomonitor the antibacterial activity of the plants extracts throughoutthe purification steps. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrationand Minimum bacterial Concentration of the most purified andactive plant extracts were evaluated at the end of the procedure.ValidityDry leaves extraction procedure Whole leaves of C.micranthum and G. senegalensis, were dried immediately later onobtaining them from the plant in a local drying room at 40C.The dried leaves were then sent to Varses. Dried whole leavesweighing 100g were poured in a 2.5 L bottle and treated with600ml of cyc lohexane (least polar solvent). After a periodof 24 hours the leaves were separated from the solvent bymeans of a Buckner funnel. This procedure was repeated usingprogressively more polar solvents toluene, acetone, EtOH andwater respectively.Agar diffusion assay Between 4-5 isolated colonies of eachstrain were collected and resuspended in 5ml of PB. It was thenput onto its respective solid growth medium by means of a sterilecotton swab. The plates were incubated at 37C for a set amountof time inevitable for each microorganism. The antibacterial effectof the extract was measured by meter the growth inhibitionhalo. Pictures if the inhibition halos were taken using a photographic camera todocument the findings.ReliabilityIncubation temperature was kept constant at 37C. Evidenceof the inhibition rings were taken by means of a photo cameraand those images were later analysed. A fair test was performedas four different methods of extraction where used, each withincreasing polarity.Evid ence use to support conclusionCm4-P showed good activity against S. aureus and S. xylosus.Cm4-P showed some activity against gee negative strains. Gs2-Paq was found to be more active against the Gram irrefutable strianscompared to Cm4-P.UsefulnessGives an example of how an extraction could be done by tellthe solvents according to polarity. It shows how the inhibitionrings can be measured and analysed i.e. By means of takingphotographs.LimitationsThe article doesnt show extraction methods and testing methods for S. frutescensAuthors CredentialsStefano Banfi Degree in organic chemistry in February1980 at the University of Milan, admirer Professor in Organic Chemistry.Enrico Caruso gradatory with a degree in organic chemistry in October 1998 from the University of Milan, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry,Viviana Orlandi 1995 Degree in Biological Sciences, University of Milan discussing a thesis on Expression of oppioid receptor in primary coltures of murine cortex neurons trasduction signal pathway and interaction with glutamate receptors. Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Paola Barbieri 1980 Degree in Biological Science at the University of Milan, Institute of Genetics. Member of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)Member of the Italian Society for General Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (SIMGBM).Serena CavallariPaolo Vigan Degree in Biological Sciences graduate(prenominal) Diploma in Microbiology, Doctor of Biological Sciences Specialist in MicrobiologyLuca Chiodaroli inductionSource 1 deals with the general usage of S.frutescens as a medicative plant in South Africa. Source 2 deals with the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of S. frutescens. It also shows extraction methods and bacterial testing methods. Source 3 shows the antibacterial activities of the Ochna species of plants. This source gives an indication of what types of bacteria that need to be used for testi ng the antibacterial activities of the S. frutescens. Source 4 is about the influence of S. frutescens extract on MCF-7 cells. It has a good indication of an extraction method that can be used. Source 5 is about the antibacterial activity of leaf exracts from Combretum micranthum and Guiera senegalensis. It gives an example of an extraction method that can be used for S. frutescens. All the sources deal with extraction method that can be used for certain plants. not all the articles deal with the extraction methods and testing of S. frutescens.ReferencesB-E. van Wyk and C. Albrecht, 2008. A review of the taxonomy,ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandiafrutescens (Fabaceae). diary of Ethnopharmacology, Online.119, 621-629. Available at http//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/A-review-of-the-taxonomy-ethnobotany-chemistry-and-pharmacology.pdf Accessed 20 April 2014.David R. Katerere and Jacobus N. Eloff . 2005. Antibacterialand Antioxidant Activity of Sutherla ndia frutescens (Fabaceae), AReputed Anti-HIV/AIDS Phytomedicine. ONLINE Available athttp//def-sa.com/def/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Antibacterial-and-Antioxidant-Activity-of1.pdf. Accessed 06 April 14.Tshepiso J. Makhafola and Jacobus N. Eloff. (2011). FiveOchna species have high antibacterial activity and more thanten antibacterial compounds. South African Journal of Scienceonline. 108, 689.Available Fromhttp//www.sajs.co.za/five-ochna-species-have-high-antibacterial-activity-and-more-ten-antibacterial-compounds/makhafola-tshepiso-eloff-jacobus.St, er, B., Marais, S., Steynberg, T., Theron,D., Joubert, F., Albrecht, C. and Joubert, A. (2007). Influenceof Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on cell numbers,morphology and gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Journal ofethnopharmacology, 112(2), pp.312318.Banfi, S., Caruso, E., Orlandi, V., Barbieri, P., Cavallari,S., Vigano, P., Clerici, P. and Chiodaroli, L. (2014). Antibacterial Activityof Leaf Extracts from Combretum micranthum and Guier a senegalensis(Combretaceae). Research Journal of Microbiology, online 9(2), pp.66-81.Salim S. Abdool Karim, S. (2009). HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet, online 374(9693), p.921. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803032/ Accessed 14 May. 2014.Fritz Lherisson, F. (2014). South Africa. online Unaids.org. Available at http//www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica/ Accessed 16 May. 2014.