The principle source of income for the state of New York

The principle source of income for the state of New York for 1998 is taxes. The priciple expenses of the stste of New York for 1998 are: Education is an expendature that should be increased. If education was increased children would get better jobs and better jobs pay more money which produces more taxes, taxes pay for better schools. More community centers with sports facilities should be created to get kids off the streets. Kids would have a place to go to have fun plus it would make alot of money all schools should be pdated with new computers to prepare students for entering the business community. The state should propose to start a partnership with computer companies and the board of education of education in purchasing the computers. The private companies would benefit from this because the more computers used the more computer orientated customers are created. A way to pay for expenditures is by cutting out the â€Å"pork barrel† pet projects by the legislatures. If the budget just passed there were 350 million â€Å"pork barrel† projects requested by the legislatures. If the government cut that in half it would pay for the increases I suggested. Conservative groups that believe the goverment play too much of a role in their lives of the voters would not be in favor of my proposals. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of strikes by public employees like teachers, transit, sanitation, and municipal workers. In many instances these acts were in violation of existing laws which prohibited such One reason why many states and federal government prohibited strikes is because of public safety. If the fire department was to strike lives would be at stake. Neighborhoods would would be burned down. Police shouldn't strike because crime would rise , traffic enforcement people wouldn't pay attention to light and possible riots. If sanitation had a strike it would cause a health hazard. The second reason is for business purposes and commerce. If the transit were to strike people wouldn't be able to go to and back to work. The banks handle the money of civilians. If teachers were to strike kids wouldn't get the ducation they need to get a good job and they might cause trouble on the On the other hand private bus services should be able to strike. Althogh some people may be hurt by this it does not affect the cities commerce. I do not believe that government employees should have the right to strike. They should sign a statement before they are hired because if they strike it puts the publics Arbitration should be the process that should be put in affect to settle disputes between the employees and the city. Te city chooses someone then the employees choose someone then they choose a third person. This panel determines the settlement of the contract of the employees strike. Striking has become a major problem in recent years because striking is the last weapon the employees have to defend their rights . For instance if workers are working in an unsafe environment they have the right to strike. In York there is a law which prohibits striking this is known as the Taylor Law. Punishment for striking could be dismissal or dock in pay. The principle source of income for the state of New York The principle source of income for the state of New York for 1998 is taxes. The priciple expenses of the stste of New York for 1998 are: Education is an expendature that should be increased. If education was increased children would get better jobs and better jobs pay more money which produces more taxes, taxes pay for better schools. More community centers with sports facilities should be created to get kids off the streets. Kids would have a place to go to have fun plus it would make alot of money all schools should be pdated with new computers to prepare students for entering the business community. The state should propose to start a partnership with computer companies and the board of education of education in purchasing the computers. The private companies would benefit from this because the more computers used the more computer orientated customers are created. A way to pay for expenditures is by cutting out the â€Å"pork barrel† pet projects by the legislatures. If the budget just passed there were 350 million â€Å"pork barrel† projects requested by the legislatures. If the government cut that in half it would pay for the increases I suggested. Conservative groups that believe the goverment play too much of a role in their lives of the voters would not be in favor of my proposals. In recent years there have been increasing numbers of strikes by public employees like teachers, transit, sanitation, and municipal workers. In many instances these acts were in violation of existing laws which prohibited such One reason why many states and federal government prohibited strikes is because of public safety. If the fire department was to strike lives would be at stake. Neighborhoods would would be burned down. Police shouldn't strike because crime would rise , traffic enforcement people wouldn't pay attention to light and possible riots. If sanitation had a strike it would cause a health hazard. The second reason is for business purposes and commerce. If the transit were to strike people wouldn't be able to go to and back to work. The banks handle the money of civilians. If teachers were to strike kids wouldn't get the ducation they need to get a good job and they might cause trouble on the On the other hand private bus services should be able to strike. Althogh some people may be hurt by this it does not affect the cities commerce. I do not believe that government employees should have the right to strike. They should sign a statement before they are hired because if they strike it puts the publics Arbitration should be the process that should be put in affect to settle disputes between the employees and the city. Te city chooses someone then the employees choose someone then they choose a third person. This panel determines the settlement of the contract of the employees strike. Striking has become a major problem in recent years because striking is the last weapon the employees have to defend their rights . For instance if workers are working in an unsafe environment they have the right to strike. In York there is a law which prohibits striking this is known as the Taylor Law. Punishment for striking could be dismissal or dock in pay.

Good and Bad Arguments

ASSIGNMENT 1 MODULE 1 SHORT ANSWER PAPER Distinguish between good and bad arguments. Give the elements of ethical arguments. On what grounds do you distinguish between fact and mere opinion? An argument is a group of statements where one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest. The premise is the supporting statement and the conclusion is the statement being supported. Ethical arguments must have premise(s) and a conclusion and may appear in any order. Often arguments have indicator words that signal a premise or conclusion is near.There are two types of arguments, deductive and inductive and they can be valid or invalid, strong or weak, or sound or cogent. A good argument has a conclusion that is worthy and gives good reasons to accept a claim, where a bad argument fails to have a premise or conclusion or both. A true argument always has something to prove and presents good reasons to a claim. An argument is not the same thing as persuasion but if you express it correctly a nd prove something then you may be able to persuade people by reasoning and not by appealing to them via other methods.Good arguments have true premises and show its conclusion is worthy of belief, it also both must have the correct form by being either valid (having true premises that logically prove that the conclusion is also true) or strong (having premises that provide probable support for its conclusion). A bad argument proves nothing however it can still be persuasive. A bad argument can persuade someone by influencing them by any means besides reason.A bad argument has false premises that lead to false conclusions, these conclusions are called fallacies. Fallacies though wrong can be persuasive. There are nine different types of fallacies which all try to persuade by appealing to people’s emotions, using linguistic or rhetorical tricks, deception, threats, lack of evidence, using invalid citations and many other tricks. To check if a argument is bad you must learn dif ferent techniques, do research, and beware when there is conflicting evidence.To distinguish between fact and opinion in an argument you must check the form, the validity of the argument, and whether or not the premise has any truth. If something is a fact it is a statement or a claim that asserts that something is either true or false. Opinions are based on moral judgments, principles, and theories. Opinions also take into account feelings, desires, and beliefs. However in an argument both a fact and a opinion can be proven if the opinion has a good premise.

Brief to Validate Part1 and Part2 in Uk

UK qualifications and Overseas qualifications ARB does not directly recognise any qualifications from outside the United Kingdom, so I need to pass the Board’s own Prescribed Examination at the relevant level if I wish to progress towards registering as an architect in the UK. Examinations normally run every three months on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in January, April, July, and October. Before dates for the examination are set, I must submit: a completed application form with the prescribed material to confirm eligibility (certificates, transcripts information about the curricular content of the course of study completed etc. ) †¢ a completed Comparative Matrix, along with all my supporting material backing up whether it meets the ARB criteria. †¢ the prescribed fee. ?1671 per part, so would be ? 1671 for part 1 in October this year or January 2014 (depending on my confidence level), and ? 671 for part 2 in 2014 or Apr 2014. All being well, I will be notified of the dates of examination within three weeks of the application being received and accepted by the Board. The Examination (same for part1 and part2) The examiners, in the first instance within a period of up to 60 minutes, will make a judgment as to whether or not the Comparative Matrix and supporting material demonstrate that either: (a) all the criteria are met; or (b) half or more of the criteria are met If the Comparative Matrix and supporting material is considered by the examiners to meet the requirements of (a) or (b) above, the examiners will prepare a series of questions to ask the candidate orally at the examination interview. This interview will be for a period of up to 45 minutes. Possibles outcomes If the Registrar is satisfied, taking into account the report of the examiners and any reports or advice from the independent examiner(s), that the candidate has demonstrated the required standard of competence, he or he shall notify the candidate that the relevant examination has been passed or failed. Or if the Registrar is unable to decide on the basis of the material before him or her as to whether or not the candidate has demonstrated that I had met all the criteria, the Registrar may consult with the Prescription Committee and may require that the candidate be re-examined. Re-examination will not normally incur payment of the prescribed fee, but this shall be at the Registr ar’s discretion.

Interaction and Usability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Interaction and Usability - Essay Example Implementation 10 7 Evaluation 19 7.1 Cognitive Walk-through 19 7.2 Heuristic Evaluation 19 8 References 20 Appendix 21 A.1 Interview with the Owner 21 A.2 Document Analysis 23 A.3 Observation of Brit Drive 23 A.4 Questionnaire for Receptionists, Instructors and Pupil 24 A.5 Cognitive walk-through 26 A.6 Heuristic Evaluation 27 A.7 Scenarios 28 A.8 Task Analysis 30 1. Introduction Brit Drive is a small driving school, situated in the north of London. With the help of certified and experienced instructors, the school offers driving lessons at affordable prices. The target market of Brit Drive consists of those people from the locality who want to learn how to drive. Brit Drive holds lessons for nearly 20-30 students each day. The duration of a daily lesson varies from one to four hours. The school has four cars (of which one is automatic) where each has a lease duration of two years. 2. Discovery Methods 2.1 Primary Research The initial user research was conducted through four discove ry techniques: interviews, observations, questionnaires and document analysis. Since the company has a small staff team, it was easy to conduct the primary research. Interview with the Owner An interview with the owner, Timothy Goode, made it possible to gain a basic understanding of the existing system, its primary and secondary users and its environment (See Appendix A.1 for the interview). The questions revolved around the users and their roles in the Brit Drive system. Document Analysis The company’s data is paper-based and resides with Timothy. With Timothy’s permission, it became possible to analyze the data that is stored in the existing Brit Drive system (See Appendix section A.2 for the analysis). Observation By spending a day at the school, a first hand observation of the Brit Drive’s environment and daily operations became possible (See Appendix section A.3 for the findings). Questionnaires: To analyze the computer skill level, problems and requiremen ts of the receptionists, instructors and the pupils, a questionnaire was formulated. Each questionnaire had open and closed questions. (See the questionnaire and findings summary in Appendix A.4). 2.2 Secondary Research Based on the facts collected in the primary research, the main users that will directly interact with the system are the owner and the receptionists. The instructor and the pupil are the secondary users of the system (Wang n.d.). The main users fall into the category of novice (Helander et al. 1997) as they are general computer users. And since the system is to shift from legacy to digital, the users would have no syntactic and limited semantic knowledge of the overall application. In such cases, a simply designed interface is the only option. Since, all the tasks the receptionists perform can also be performed by the owner, easily memorized shortcuts can be used as a standard for a task. Once the users become frequent users, these shortcuts will not only ease the sy stem learning process but will also help during the rush hours. 3. User Needs Analysis 3.1 Persona According to the common traits, system has four user categories which leads to four personas; the owner, receptionist, instructor and the pupil (Wang n.d.). The persona skeletons from the previous section, are then prioritized according to their importance to the system (Wang n.d.). From the four personas, the owner and the

Neurosis as a Gendered Disease or a Female Disposition Essay

Neurosis as a Gendered Disease or a Female Disposition - Essay Example The text invites the readers to be its addressees by highlighting the oppressive conditions of married women through the case of a neurotic patient. It interpellates people to become addressees through using setting, symbolism, irony, and changes in language to help readers understand what it is like to be married, especially to a doctor. Projection pertains to how people see others based on how they view themselves. Gallop calls this as the â€Å"photographic negative of our image of the self† (15). The â€Å"controlling value† pertains to what the text seeks to tell the readers, readers who the author wants to â€Å"hold† so that they can â€Å"see eye to eye with the implied author† (Seitz 146). The â€Å"narrator† refers to the â€Å"implied author† with whom the readers are supposed to â€Å"connect† with (Seitz 141). The â€Å"addressee† pertains to the readers who the text wants to influence with its â€Å"controlling va lue.† The addressee is different from the â€Å"reader† who can participate in the â€Å"reading† of the text through â€Å"social engagement which consists of both reception and participation† (Seitz 143). Interpellation refers to how the text aims to engage and influence readers and turn them into â€Å"interested readers† who can â€Å"persuade themselves† that they also believe in the texts (Seitz 147). The â€Å"controlling value† of the text is to emphasize that married women get the worst deal; they become â€Å"women† under â€Å"men† and the protagonist of the text has the worse bargain because she is married to a male doctor, which means two patriarchal structures are combined to oppress her. The narrative works rhetorically by using a neurotic wifes conditions to underline the oppressive conditions of married women and the patriarchal structure of medicine.

Proseminar On the frontier of Islam.. What role does culture play in Essay

Proseminar On the frontier of Islam.. What role does culture play in the travelers' encounter with a new religion - Essay Example ne that has been adopted in today’s world and the differences in the perception of what the Christian culture ‘thinks’ they have done in the past or they are doing today and the effect of the same on the culture and the relationship between people living as a community. We will also see how the world culture patronizes cultures of varied hues just for the sake of intellect and society. Travel through various countries and lands always invariably bring in the multifarious dimensions of the land traveled on. Cultures vary; practices vary; the way religions are practices also varies. The communication gap between the prophet and the today’s follower has increased to a great extent and on more than one occasion, the teachings of the prophet has been forgotten or not understood or worse still, not read at all. More or less this happens to be the case with the Christian and other Pagan religions as well. In the Medieval Eurasia and Africa, the clash of the religions was substantial high. This was reflected in the words of the Leo the African traveler on more than one occasion. Leo, as a Muslim started his run away from his birthplace, Grenada since he was chased out by the Christian capturers of Grenada. His journey went through Morocco and Egypt which happen to be Muslim and the difficulties he faces are minimal. Though, his adventures do invoke interest in the reader. Until, he falls into the hands of a set of Christian Pirates who take him as a prisoner for and on behalf of the Pope. He was a made a slave of the Pope. Travel in the Medieval world or on the threshold of the Modern world was very precarious particularly traveling into another country which had a different religion as its practice. In the early twentieth century, this clash had reached a crescendo. For instance, the Russians did not have any religion to support as a matter of fact, they were against the practice of any religion and hence there was an immense gap between the people who

Getting to know Bigger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Getting to know Bigger - Essay Example s vanishing on her darling, a Communist; he tries to gather a payment from her guardians; after the body is discovered he kills his Negro paramour to keep her from deceiving him to the police. The one day from now he is caught on the snow-secured top of a South Side dwelling, while a crowd wails in the road below. Bigger is a character made to show us the issue of racism that was then present in America. The situation of the racial groups, the condition they went through, and their feelings their tough situations have been shown through the character of Bigger Thomas. Bigger, he demonstrates, had been prepared from the earliest starting point to be a terrible resident. He had been taught American beliefs of life, in the schools, in the magazines, in the modest film houses, yet had been precluded any methods from claiming accomplishing them. All that he needed to have or do was held for the whites. "I simply cant get accustomed to it," he lets one know of his poolroom pals. "I vow to God I cant†¦ Every time I contemplate it I feel like some persons jabbing a super hot iron down my throat. His every day presence is smudged with apprehension of white individuals, dread of life itself, and disgrace at the way his family exists. In spite of the fact that we know hes picked up another employment, even the new occupation offers little trust for a superior life. His family will keep on lying in the same rodent plagued one-room condo and battle to put sustenance on the table, a reality that fills Bigger with a miserable feeling of his own weakness. The Daltons, the well off white family that utilizes him, recommend that Bigger has an open door to increase an instruction through night school while he lives and works for them. In spite of the fact that this is an open door that few blacks at the time are offered, the Daltons liberality is moderated – actually, demolished – by their racism. Bigger realizes that the well off white family possesses the condo in which

Getting a raise from your employer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting a raise from your employer - Essay Example If you would like to meet to discuss this, please let me know. I'm grateful for the opportunity to work for you and I enjoy doing so. I hope you'll agree that, in the past years I've worked for you, I've become an integral member of your team and accomplished a great deal. Here are some highlights of how I have helped the department and the company in the past few years: You can consult anyone in my department regarding the truthfulness of the above mentioned claims and then consider recommending my salary raise. As you can see my salary is much below the industry averages which is very devastating considering the work I do for the department. In researching the salary.com website, it notes the median expected salary for a typical Customer Service Rep. in the Atlantic City area is $17,715 which is too high considering the salary I receive in this company(and that too when I do multitasking). I have always been proactive throughout my career and have gone out of my ways to help others in my department thus contributing to the company as a whole. I have literally lived for the company for the past five years and have enjoyed each and every moment working in it.

Membership and retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Membership and retention - Essay Example The study revealed that there is a disparity between knowledge about basic rights under these union-based laws and that most employees do not understand their legal rights or their rights on termination and dismissal (Omar, Chan & Joned, 2009). At industries in which union membership is already present, this could have much to do with why unions are voted out and why union membership continues to decline. In order to strengthen union membership, in-house literature should be produced by union leadership that defines these rights, in a language that is easily understood by a wide variety of educated and non-educated demographics. By providing this information, those currently in unions would understand how the union actually represents their interests and be less apt to demand union exit from the industrial environment. â€Å"Once unionization occurs, the union’s ability to foster commitment from members and to remain as their bargaining agent depends on how well the union succeeds in providing services that its members want† (Mathis & Jackson, 2005, p.544). It is also possible to improve union membership by auditing the current collective bargaining representatives that handle negotiations for employees. The complex dynamics of collective bargaining requires individuals with psychological knowledge, management training, legal understanding, and conflict resolution skills. If the union is not being represented by competent and qualified individuals, the employees’ needs will likely not be addressed competently and therefore union membership will decline due to bargaining inadequacy. These audits can be conducted by the unions themselves, the corporate management teams, employee assessment teams, or even paid independent auditing contactors specializing in union knowledge and bargaining norms. By illustrating that there is a measurement system in place to gauge competency, and promoting these efforts effectively, more union membership

Dramatic Tension in this final act Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Tension in this final act Essay Perplexed still, we get the impression that John Proctor wants his life but cannot stand having a guilty conscience. Elizabeth perhaps adds to his puzzlement, I want you living John. Thats sure. This is the first real emotion we have seen between them in the play. Elizabeths words finally persuades John to save himself, and as he confess Rebecca Nurse is brought in. Her presence makes John ashamed and guilty, especially when asked Did you ever see Rebecca Nurse with the devil? He is under immense pressure and when at last he is asked for his signed testimony we realise another factor as to why he took the ultimate sacrifice. Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I live and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul, leave me my name! The presence of Rebecca Nurse, a saint in his eyes, the importance of his name are all important factors as to why John Proctor gives up his life, but he also realises he will die a good man. It is the one good thing he can do for Elizabeth after all the pain he has caused her. There is a dignity in what he is doing for himself, Elizabeth and his own community. He is an important figure in his society and by standing up to the corruption and being brave enough he is truly doing the right thing but not just for himself. The last act shows John proctors emotions and his own physical bodily actions in agony, but when he tears up his false testimony his can stand up straight for the first time. His death will also bring redemption from his own guilt. He has made a statement as to how un-just and corrupt their justice system was, and by leaving behind a world of prosecution and pragmatism he has become a man of principle. In act four, John Proctor decides to give up his own life rather than confess to being with the devil falsely. We encounter Proctor as a different character, a martyr, almost Christ like. Procter wavers, and at one stage he wants his life, I will have my life, but at the last minute he tears up his confession to save his integrity. Arthur Miller builds up the tension in the last act by using the interaction of characters, language and stage directions. Arthur Miller reveals a characters innermost thoughts and feelings. In comparison to Act two, when Elizabeth and John Proctors conversation had been confrontational and short plagued by the crime John had committed, in the last act when they meet for the final time, they act truly in love and this is portrayed by the stage directions given to the actors. John is described to be weak of body, but seems to be stronger here than at any other time in the play.

Factors that Influence Police Discretion

Factors that Influence Police Discretion 1) What is discretion? Name and describe the factors that may influence an individual officers discretion in making decisions involving a criminal suspect. (6 pts) Discretion is the exercise of choice by law enforcement officers in the decision to investigate or apprehend the disposition of suspects, the carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions. The cops have the power to decide whether to act depending on the judgment they feel they must make. In some situations certain people are not handled as strictly as others (an example would be if someone was to get pulled over for speeding and they get a ticket for something else). Studies of police discretion have found that a number of factors influence the discretionary decisions of the individual officers: 1. The Background of the officers Law enforcement officers bring to the job all their previous life experiences. Family values such as socialization through the family as well as attitudes that influence the decision of the officer. If an officer has learned prejudice against certain ethnic groups for example, this is likely to influence the decision an officer will make. 2. Characteristics of the suspect Demeanor, style of dress and grooming may influence police discretion. Poorly groomed suspects can expect less respectful treatment. Some officers treat men and woman differently. Very rarely will an officer arrest a woman. Another characteristic would be the personal style of the individual or group. Examples would be bikers attire or people with outlandish haircuts are more likely to be arrested than someone with a professional haircut. 3. Department Policy- This is not entirely subject to control by official policy, but can influence it. If a department has targeted certain kinds of offenses or if supervisors adhere to strict enforcement guidelines and closely monitor dispatches and other communications, the discretionary release of suspects will be quite rare. 4. Community Interest- Public attitudes toward certain crimes will increase the likelihood of arrest for suspected offenders. Contemporary attitudes toward crimes involving children- including sex abuse, sale of drugs to minors, domestic violence involving children and child pornography- have all lead to increased and strict enforcement of laws. Once the community has voiced its concern over the problem, the police respond with a series of highly effective arrests. The departments that require a police officer to live in the area that he/she patrols make them more aware of the effects of crime on the community and they respond better than a person who doesnt live in their district. 5. Pressure from Victims- When victims refuse to file a complaint are usually associated with certain crimes such as spousal abuse. When victims refuse to cooperate with the police, there is often little that can be done. On the other hand, some victims are local in insisting in the victimization and can easily be dealt with. Victim-assistance groups have sought to keep pressure on police departments and individual instigators to ensure the arrest and prosecution of suspects. 6. Disagreement with the law- Some laws lack an unpopular consensus. Some of the laws that deal with victimless offenses are gambling, homosexuality, lesbianism, prostitution and drug use. Some laws are not even in certain jurisdictions. Unpopular laws are not likely to bring much attention from law enforcement officers. If an arrest were to occur, it could be because an officer digs deeper into his/her investigation and reveals something more serious about the crime. 2) Name and describe the four historical eras of policing as discussed in the book. (4 pts) The four historical eras (epochs), are distinguishable by the relative dominance of a particular approach to police operations. They are the political era, reform era, the community policing era, and the homeland security era. 1. Political Era The first period, the political era, was characterized by close ties between police and public officials. It began in 1840 and ended around 1930s. Throughout the period, American police agencies tended to serve the interest of powerful politicians first, and providing public-order services almost as an afterthought. 2. Reform Era- The second period, the reform ear, began in the 1930s and lasted until the 1970s. It was characterized by pride in professional crime fighting. Police departments focused more on solving traditional crimes, such as murder, rape, burglary, and focusing on capturing offenders. 3. The Community Policing Era The third period, and the one that characterizes much of policing in America today, is the community policing era. This era started in the 1970s and is still present today. This was an approach to policing that stresses the service role of police officers and envisions a partnership between police agencies and their communities. Agencies focused on the service role of police officers. 4. Policing to Secure the Homeland Era The fourth period, policing to secure the homeland era, is quite new and continues to evolve. This era grew with national concerns with terrorism prevention born of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In this era agencies focused on causes of crime outside of the immediate community (country). 3) What are the dangers of police work? What can be done to reduce those dangers? (5 pts) Some dangers of police work include: violence in the line of duty, risk of disease and infected evidence, and stress and fatigue among police officers. 1. Violence in the line of duty In 2007, 188 American law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty. These officers were kind-hearted, and laid back, and well liked in the community. 2. Risk of disease and infected evidence -Routine criminal and accident investigations hold the potential for infection through transmission of evidence. 3. Stress and fatigue among police officers Traumatic events, like hurricanes, terrorist attacks, and violent confrontations are instantly stressful. These can affect police officers long term. Diet and exercise can decrease stress and fatigue, along with getting more sleep and taking care of their body. 4) What ethnic and gender differences characterize policing today? What is the social significance of this diversity? (5 pts) Today many departments have dramatically increased their complement of officers from unrepresented groups. There are not as many African American officers or other ethnic officers compared to white (Caucasian) officers in the field. Although ethnic minorities are now employed in policing in significant numbers, women are still significantly underrepresented. The 2001 Status of woman in policing survey conducted that woman fill only 12.7% of all sworn law enforcement positions nationwide The social significance of this diversity is that woman and African Americans and other ethnic groups will actually benefit the policing departments making them better, well-rounded officers, it would help the discrimination of particular ethnic or sexual groups. 5) Be able to explain the ruling of each of the following cases and what area of policing the ruling affected (ex: search and seizure, arrest, interrogation, etc) (10 pts) A) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) b) Aguilar v. TX (1964) c) Escobedo v. IL (1964) d) Miranda v. AZ (1966) e) Harris v. US (1968) f) Weeks v. US (1914) g) US v. Leon (1984) h) US v. Borchardt (1987) i) Kyllo v. US (2001) j) US v. Grubbs (2006) A. Mapp V. Ohio (1961) This case was decided to change the face of American law enforcement forever, made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the same level beginning with the now- famous Mapp case; the Warren Court charted a course that would guarantee nationwide recognition of individual rights as it understood them, by agencies at all levels of the criminal justice system. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Search and Seizure) B. Aguilar V. TX (1964) -The case of paid informants. The case of Aguilar v. Texas clarified the use of informants and established a two-pronged test. The US court ruled that informant information could establish probable cause if both of the following criteria are met. 1. The source of the informants information is made clear, and 2. The police officer has a reasonable belief that the informant is reliable. The two-pronged test was intended to prevent the issuance of warrants on the basis of false or fabricated info. (Schmallenger, Frank, 2010). (The area of policing the ruling affected: Search and Seizure) C. Escobedo v. IL (1964) -In the case of Escobedo vs. Illinois, the right to have legal counsel present during police interrogation was recognized. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Interrogation) D. Miranda v AZ (1966) -This case established the well-known Miranda Warnings. In this case involving Enesto Miranda, who was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona, and was accused of having kidnapped and raped a woman. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Interrogation) E. Harris v US (1968) Police officers have the opportunity to begin investigations or to confiscate evidence, without a warrant based on what they find in plain-view and open to public inspection. The plan-view doctrine was succinctly stated in the US Supreme court case of Harris v. US. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Search and Seizure) F. Weeks v US (1914) Freemont Weeks was suspected of using US mail to sell lottery tickets, which is a federal crime. Weeks was arrested and feral agents went into his home to conduct a search. They had no search warrant. They confiscated many items for evidence as well as the suspects personal possessions, including clothes, books, papers, and even candy. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Search and Seizure) G. US v Leon (1984) In the 1984 case of US v Leon, the court recognized what has come to be called the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Search and Seizure) H. US v Borchardt (1987) The case of Us v. Borchardt, decided by the 5th circuit court of Appeals, held that Ira Eugene Borchardt could be prosecuted for heroin uncovered during medical treatment, even though the defendant had objected to the treatment. Because of this case guidelines for conducting emergency warrantless searches of individuals came into effect, and in order to use evidence against an offender in a warrantless search certain criteria has to be met. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Arrest) I. Kyllo v Us (2001) This case set the standard on how technology can be used to the police based on the results of a warrantless search conducted by officers using a thermal-imaging device to detect if his housing was giving off more heat than the other houses, investigators applied for a search warrant for Kyllos home. (The area of policing the ruling affected: Arrest) J. US v Grubbs (2006) -The constitutionality of Anticipatory warrants was affirmed in 2006, in the US Supreme court Case of US v. Grubbs.

Thermodynamics :: physics science

Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Although every body has a feeling of what energy is, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes. The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamics (power), which is most descriptive of the early efforts to convert heat into power. Today the same name is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of energy and energy transformations, including power generation, refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter. One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of energy principle. It simply states that during an interaction, energy can change from one form to another but the total amount of energy remains constant. Energy can not be created or destroyed. A rock falling off a cliff, for example, picks up speed as result of its potential energy being converted to kinetic energy. Although the principles of thermodynamics have been in existence since the creation of the universe, thermodynamics did not emerge as a science until the construction of the first successful atmospheric steam engines in England by Thomas Savery in 1607 and Thomas Newcomen in 1712. These engines were very slow and inefficient, but they opened the way for the development of a new science: Thermodynamics. All applications in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter; thus, it is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermodynamics in some matter. Therefore, developing a good understanding of basic principles of thermodynamics has long been an essential part of engineering education. Thermodynamics is commonly encountered in many engineering systems and other aspects of life, and one does not need to go very far to see some application areas of it. In fact, one does not need to go anywhere. The heart is constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body, various energy conversions occur in trillions of body cells, and the body heat generated is constantly rejected to the environment. The human comfort is closely tied to the rate of this metabolic heat rejection. We try to control this heat transfer rate by adjusting our clothing to the environmental conditions. Other applications of thermodynamics are right where one lives. An ordinary house is, in some respects, an exhibition hall filled with wonders of thermodynamics. Many ordinary household utensils and appliances are designed, in whole or in part, by using the principles of thermodynamics.

My Brain Tumor :: Personal Narrative Essays

My Brain Tumor "I am not an animal, I am a human being!" - The Elephant Man I am different, so accept me. Even though I have physical disabilities I am still a human being. When I was four I had a brain tumor. The surgery left me with a paralyzed arm, crossed eye and a deaf ear. To make matters worse, the paralyzed arm was also my writing hand and I had to learn to be right-handed. When I was transferred from North Shore Hospital to Rusk Institute for Rehabilitation in New York City, I learned to use a wheelchair and was fitted for a brace that extended from my hips to my ankles. After a year of that imprisonment, I started school. At school, I saw the other kids walking and I knew that I had to be able to walk also. My therapist, Phil Koch, gave me a walker and cut the bars that connected the brace to my hips to enable me to walk. Over the years, I became a rebel and often disagreed with my elders. If I didn't like something, I fought against it until I won. One example, when I started Stewart School, I had to wear a helmet for protection. I hated it because I knew I could walk without it. From second to fourth grade, I protested wearing the helmet. I kept fighting, but I knew I needed an event that would show others the injustice of having to wear a helmet. That occurred on my fourth grade field day. I was about to run the one hundred yard dash when my aide, Mr. Maddan, insisted we had to go inside to get my helmet. When I came back, the race was over and I was mad. I refused to participate in the rest of the events in protest. When I got home, I called my neighborhood friends and asked them to come over to help me destroy the helmet. For twenty minutes we played baseball with the helmet and my metal crutch. We simply destroyed it. Events like this helped me to show people that I can be normal. I'm now entering my tenth year since the surgery, but its effects still live on. After eleven surgeries, I still look strange and my walk is affected, but I always try to be normal.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teaching Careers Essays

Philosophy of Education I want to become a teacher. I must be out of my mind. At least that is what I am told by almost everyone when I tell him or her my plans for the future. Maybe I should become a doctor, lawyer, or own a business. No, I am going to fulfill my dream that I have had since I was in elementary school. I always ask a question to answer, â€Å"Why do you want to be a teacher? Are you out of your mind?† I ask who shapes the minds of the children of these doctors, lawyers, and businessmen while they are working. I also ask how these people would become doctors, lawyers, and businessmen without teachers to present them with the gift of education and the skills needed to perform their jobs. I am not out of my mind. I want to shape the minds of others. When I was in the third grade, I had to write a paper entitled, â€Å"What I Want to be When I Grow Up.† I wrote about becoming a teacher. From that point on, that’s all I’ve ever wanted to be. Growing up, teachers have had a big influence on my life, and I hope that I can do the same when I become a teacher. There are a few reasons that I decided to become a teacher. First, a teacher’s salary is not as horrible as it seems. Also, the benefits, such as the insurance and retirement make up for the low salary. Another thing that I considered when weighing my options is the vacation time and the hours, which will allow me to spend time with my family, to travel, and to do other things that I enjoy. The final and most important reason that I chose to become a teacher is that it will be a rewarding experience to watch children learn and use the things that I teach them. I have had some great teachers in the past, and I have had some that werenâ€⠄¢t so great. ... ...to the day when I become Mr. Hartwell, English/Language Arts teacher. In conclusion, I do not believe I am out of my mind at all for wanting to become a teacher. No matter how many people try to talk me out of it, even if he or she is a teacher, I am going to fulfill my dream and become a teacher. I will never discourage anyone from becoming a teacher. Teachers help boys and girls become men and women, the little boy that stained the carpet with his chemistry set to become a world-renowned scientist or a pharmacist, the little girls who cook with their easy-bake ovens into owners of successful restaurant chains. I want to be the teacher that students write about in an essay about the teacher that had the greatest influence on their lives, or to be named teacher of the year, or to be complimented with a simple â€Å"Thanks Mr. Hartwell. You’re pretty cool. ¨

Media and Children

Today I came here to discuss the topic media and children In this topic I will I tell you what is the influence of media on our childrens But First of all I will explain to you what is media? Media: Communication channels  through which  news,  entertainment,  education,  data, or  promotional messages  are disseminated. In my opinion Our media has negative impact on our children’s . because When children see scenes of violence, natural disasters, and crime reports on TV Which leads to stress, and fear among children leaving far reaching impacts on their personality.Now I will tell you some points with examples Blind Imitation: you have often seen that young girls and boys imitate celebrities blindly do you give a thought to whether they are doing right or wrong?. in such that the impact of media is wrong Wrong Message: in our society negatives are highlighted with the purpose of awakening people about them. For example, the negative effects of addiction are port rayed through advertisements. Newspapers, television and the Internet are used to convey social messages.But unfortunately sometimes, the message is misconstrued. Unhealthy Lifestyle: Media is responsible for the change in eating habits of teenagers and the unhealthy lifestyle they are adopting. Media Addiction: The negative effects of media on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental setup and the declining quality of their lifestyle. Health Problems: Media has negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of society. People spending hours in front of a television or surfing the Internet experience eye problems.A survey is conducted by  Gilani Research Foundation, on January 20, 2011 According to that survey Fifty two per cent people believed that media has a valuable effect on culture and lives . Whereas,   29 per cent said that it left no impact on their lives. A considerable 19 per cent gave no comments because they were unsure. Now I will te ll you about a seminar which is organized by a Youth Forum on Tuesday, June 29, 2004 at Aga Khan University Auditorium. The speakers said that research had shown that children were prone to imitate what they saw on media.Teachers' Development Centre Director Prof Abbas Hussain said that children through media got aware about certain facts of life mysteries, contradictions, tragedies and violence, which were not considered suitable for them to know. suggestions parents should see what children were watching in order to minimize the effects of such programmes. â€Å"Television should not be used as a baby-sitter,† we should remove television sets from bedrooms, monitoring of the websites they visit, setting of time limitation and finding alternative activities for them would be very helpful in reducing negative effects on personality of children.

Footnote to Youth Essay

1. What view of life does the story present? Which character best articulates this viewpoint? Marriage in a very young age when you are not yet prepared with the obligations accompanied to it will give birth to more problems. That we should not rush time in our decisions but nevertheless to weigh every single action we’ll be making. Dodong is the one who represents the typical youth that experiencing a lot of uncertainties in life that make him realize that he sacrifice his youth just for the sake of proving himself that he can manage his own life because he is matured enough to face this life’s challenges. If he can managed himself to have a family because he knows that he is in the legal age that he can be independent and can definitely choose the right from wrong. But because of his foolishness, he had difficult time meeting the expectations that he must achieve. Because he just realized that he was wrong that he was not listening to his parents about dealing with marriage, family and life after marriage. And now that he has his own family, he just accepts the fact that it already happens. 2. According to this work’s view of life, what is mankind’s relationship to God? To the universe? Teenage marriage is the most common problem of the youth these days, Love and being in love encompasses a lot of things in life that we have to keep in mind. Being married at the young age is something that many people should consider because with everything that’s been happening in our society we might just regret it. Indeed, marriage is a holy sacrament that is to be taken seriously and responsibly by two people who have witnessed their love grow. 3. What moral statement, if any, does this story make? Is it explicit or implicit? Having a family is really hard to do a lot of thinking before pursuing to do it. Also, being aware and conscious of the Filipinos in terms of our status in life that it is not practical for a typical youth to get married if they are not physically, financially, emotionally, psychologically stable. Furthermore, it is better for us to follow what our parents what is think for us is best because our parents really knows how life should be. They already experienced these things and they do not want  to experience this kind of things. Finally, we must have proper education about responsible parenthood to avoid consequences when we engaged to have a family. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward his world? Toward fate? Toward God? It gives reminder for the Filipinos especially the youth of what a real life could be today. Explains the life a youth who get married earlier without planning what will happen ahead. The author wanted to guide the youth in dealing with early marriage. He made the story for us, youth, to be guided. Guided in our decisions in life. That we should not rush time in our decisions but nevertheless to weigh every single action we’ll be making. 5. What is the author’s conception of good and evil? Eagerness of youth is in terms of what they want and when they want it. So true in the community. Yet, this very young and too eager generation do not yet know or too far away from the realization of the possible outcomes of their very subjective decisions in life. I am also a youth who get what I want. I realized that is it not always good to have everything I want at hand when I wanted them. As I seek the journey of the road called life, I come up into a though that everything I wanted most will come right on time, thus, creating greater fulfilment and contentment in life. Meaning, what life may offer is too different from what we want in a rush. What we either achieved is best rather than good. 6. What does the work say about the nature of good or evil? Do not let things pass so fast. Savour each moment that you are still in the bracket of youthfulness. The secret to a fulfilled life and too far from regrets is to live each day or moment meaningfully. 7. What does the work say about human nature? You can also see the disappointment because the youth of today is like Dodong who is apathetic about the real score in life and because they say that they are mature, close-mindedness are being seen for this. This story is true to life and all the youth is experiencing this kind of trouble. For example at the provinces, because of lack of education and orientation of the parents and siblings about responsible adulthood and parenthood, their siblings are  engaging to a lot of relationship and turnout to be marrying at the young .Because in provinces, it is not wrong to marry at the young age but there is certain limitation. If the man is mature enough to face life challenges to avoid consequences. He will get to marry his partner provided that he has his parent’s consent. Like Dodong

The Invisible White Privilege

White people, from birth, automatically benefit from their light skin color, enjoying the privileges relating to child care, education, hygiene, careers, politics, etc. Compared to white people, people of color are at a distinct disadvantage. They are treated differently than white people, and they are the ones that suffer, not having this same privilege. In Peggy McIntosh’s article White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, McIntosh describes how whites carry the invisible privilege.In society, white people are treated better than non-white people since segregation, beauty trends, political power, social connections, and street crime seem to be better for them. According to McIntosh, White Privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets granted to white people (McIntosh 1). They can enjoy special advantages that are beyond common advantages of people of color. White privilege is a social constructed phenomenon. Besides physical appearance, there is no biological difference between white people and the non-white people.It is society that distinguishes whites from people of color, and it tends to recognize all races besides those who are white. Living in a society of white dominance, whites are carefully taught to ignore the fact that white privilege puts them at an advantage. This is because, according to McIntosh, deconstruction of white privilege threatens the myths and ideas about this nation, and it challenges the notion of equal opportunity and meritocracy (McIntosh 2). There are many ways that white privilege still exists today.Here are five examples of white privilege I find out in my life. 1. White parents do not have to be worried about their kids being scared at school. I learned from the news that at Delavan-Darien High School, the American Diversity class divides students into whites and non-whites, and tell non-whites students, â€Å"you have been oppressed and you are still being oppressed†. 2. White women represent beau ty and lead the trends. Speaking of this, why don’t we take a look at the proportion of white models in the 2013 New York Fashion Week?An official statistic shows that out of the 5,000 styles in last New York Fashion Week, around 80 percent were modeled by white women. Fewer than 1,000 styles were given to women of color (Dries 1). 3. White people occupy Congress. In Congress the total is 87 percent whites, which is divided into 85 percent in the House and 96 percent in the Senate (Portero 3). The voices of politicians of color are often drowned out in the politic sea of white dominance. 4. White people are able to achieve success more easily by using their connections.Because of belonging to the dominant group, white people have more connection than people of color do. Based on this, they are more likely to succeed. 5. Whites do not have to be worried about being shot one day on the street. A well-known example can be the Shooting of Trayvon Martin. Making a run to the store to get some refreshments for his brother and himself, Martin was shot and killed by the neighborhood watch captain George Zimmerman because, according to Zimmerman, â€Å"he was very suspicious.†I think if Martin were a white guy, Zimmerman would not have seen him as a â€Å"real suspicious looking guy†. In society, people regard whites’ lives as morally neutral, normative, and ideal. Whites are elevated above people of color. Although I believe all racial groups are harmed in the long run by racism, white privilege still exists as a daily reality throughout every part of the structure in the United States.

Marketing †ethics Essay

Marketing ethics is an area that deals with the moral principles behind marketing. Ethics in marketing applies to different spheres such as in advertising, promotion, pricing. However, for purposes of this essay, the ethics of advertisements will be dealt with especially in relation to children. (Mohandeep, 2001)) Many marketers and analysts have agreed that children are marketer’s best friend. This is backed up by evidence from watch groups such as Media Channel. In the year 2007, they highlighted the fact that in the United States, close to two billion dollars was spent on advertisements to children. It was also revealed that children greatly affect the commodities their parents buy. Estimates done in this field show that projects tailored for children in the year 2006 totaled fifty two billion dollars. (McGee and Heubusch, 1997) Regardless of all this potential returns that children can give manufacturers and their marketers, there are key ethical issues that arise in the discussion. For example, do children have the capability of understanding some of the intricate marketing tactics? Do children possess the final buying power? Do marketers need to get permission from their parents? And do children understand the negative effects of some of the products advertised to them? These key questions will be analyzed in relation to business pressures then recommendations will be made. Key ethical issues in marketing to children Some companies have become notorious for the utilization of psychologists in their advertising and marketing campaigns. Normally what such companies do is that when trying to create marketing strategy, they will involve psychologist to tell them about tactics that they can use to influence children. Since psychologists understand the way child’s mind works, they can help marketers create campaigns that will be directly aimed at them and those ones that can easily influence their choices. This trend has becoming so alarming that the American Psychological Association has raised an alarm about it. They have set up a committee to estimate the effect that the involvement of psychologists in the marketing process of children’s products has on them. The group has asserted that no psychological principles should be used when marketing to children. They are also recommending that there should be some sort of strategy to protect the young ones from exploitation though the use of psychological ploys. (Beder, 1998) The basic framework which steers marketing ethics revolves around three main issues. These are: values, stakeholders, processes. Marketing ethics that are done on a value inclined framework are those one that involve the analysis of the kind of value that the marketing idea creates. So advertisements may instill in their target audiences positive or negative attributes. This all depends on their implementation. For example, an advertising targeting a child may become a problem if it violates the right to privacy, transparency, honesty or autonomy. By using psychologists in the process of creating advertisements for children, marketers are imposing upon children’s right to autonomy and transparency. They try studying children’s behavioral trends and then use this to exploit those children. This is quite unethical. The process oriented framework in marketing ethics is founded on the basis of analysing marketing ethics through the categories that marketers use. For example research, promotion and placement must be done in an ethical manner. This is something that marketers have chosen to ignore because their research is not done in an ethical manner. Their research involves using psychological experts who may use their knowledge to take advantage of children who belong to vulnerable groups (Lizabeth, 2001) Targeting children alone Marketers who create marketing campaigns that are just directed towards children only are engaging in unethical marketing practices. This is because children are naive. They are at a stage of development called proximal development. At this stage, children simply take up elements of what they perceive in the world around them and then use it in various aspects of their lives. There is a certain level of trust that children have over and above than one of adults. They lack the ability to weigh arguments in a sober and even sometimes a cynical way. Consequently, this makes them very vulnerable to exploitation. (Murphy et al, 2004) Examples of advertisements that are directed towards children alone are those ones that have cartoon characters and are seen as specifically meant for children. At that point, children will feel like they are the only ones with the ability of purchasing the item yet it is their parents who have to foot the bill. Unethical advertisements are those ones that do not involve getting consent from parents. Most of the time such advertisements are usually aired in the afternoon during kid’s programming sessions. They usually create desires in children to have those advertisements at all costs. When advertising is done without parental consent; that is when children are watching shows on their own then it became unethical. Children are too young to realize the manipulations that are going on through television or media advertisements. They also do not realize the financial pressures that come with the purchase of items. It would therefore be unethical for marketers to leave parents out of their marketing strategies. Normally, ethical advertisements are those ones that require children to get their parents involved in the marketing place. This can be achieved by stating it directly in the advertisement. It can also be achieved by limiting some children’s products in parental magazines or targeting families in general instead of just children. (Waymack, 2000) Advertisements targeting children alone have shown their effects in a number of ways. In the year 2007, it was found that about fifty eight percent of all the items purchased by children (through their allowances) are sweets and toys were the next highest items to be purchased by children. This took up a whooping thirty percent. Toys and candy are all items that are advertised directly children hence the staggering statistics. (Davidson, 2002) Advertising to children alone brings out very fundamental ethical issue. It highlights the power analysis issue in marketing. Any form of marketing that claims to be ethical must adhere to the power balance principle. The scales must not be tipped towards the consumer neither should they favor the marketer either. When marketers target vulnerable markets, they tend to make the situation favor them. This is what is called caveat emptor in marketing. It is an unfair scenario and is also exploitative in nature. (McGee and Heubusch, 1997) Types of products, manner of advertisements and other qualities can indicate whether or not an advertisement is targeting children. It should be noted that there are certain elements that if conducted by marketers may be deemed unethical for example, when an advertisement is made in such a manner as to imply that it is meant for children. Some elements to watch out for are: music, images, voices, color. These are all elements that are meant to draw on children’s attention. Besides this, there may be certain activities expected to captivate children such a drawing, then those advertisements may be meant for them. Besides that, some advertisements may have characters that are designed for that demographic group. Sometimes some advertisements may be placed in publications that are usually read by children alone. They may also be placed in areas that have children. (Murphy et al, 2004) All these features can be deemed unethical if they will be seen or heard by children exclusively, For example, if the advertisement is placed in a publication that is read by children alone then this is unethical because there is not parental consent there or if it is broadcast at times when children could be watching without parental consent. (Lizabeth, 2001) Sometimes the kind of content in the advertisements matters too. Advertisements that are created in such ways as to make children feel less about themselves if they lack that product may be deemed unethical. Also advertisements that will promote harmful products to children are also unethical. For example, there were certain toys from China that had an excess of chemical elements and exposed certain risks to children who were playing with them. If advertisements possess those characteristics, then they may be considered unethical. Responsible marketing The issue of marketing itself has two main components. The first group is made up of the abolitionists and the second are the libertarians. The abolitionists believe that all advertising to children is wrong and that it should be completely eliminated. But this is something that is unrealistic and cannot be feasible in today’s fast paced and commercial world. The other extreme is held by the liberalists who believe that advertisements to children should be left as they are. They insist that society shapes advertisements and that advertisements do not change moral values. But this is denying the obvious. The fact that children in the UK and even in other parts of the world spend the largest portion of their leisure time watching television implies that they will pick up some of the habits depicted on their screens. (Waymack, 2000) In light of the above facts, it is important to come up with a compromise on the issue through taking up responsible marketing. Children can still be considered as a target audience for marketing of retail products, however, this should be conducted in such a responsible and socially sustainable manner. There are three main alternatives available for marketers targeting children and these are: viewing children as docile consumers, viewing children as non-consumers, viewing children as informed consumers. Choosing the non-consumer part would not be very market friendly because as it has been seen from earlier parts of the essay; children have substantial levels of buyer power. It is would therefore be uneconomical not to tap this very valuable market resource. On the other hand, viewing children as docile consumers causes a lot of ethical controversies that have been raised earlier. Consequently, the most sustainable form of marketing should be viewing children as informed consumers. Marketers need to advertise and market their products in such a way that there will still be room for them in the future. This will be effectively achieved by informing children about marketing ideas. This will enlighten them and give them a very valuable asset; choice. (McGee and Heubusch, 1997) Informing children about the intricacies of marketing at an early age will go a long way in ensuring that children can understand the fundamentals of the commercial world. It will mean that children’s naivety will not be taken advantage of and that they will have the power to decide for themselves whether or not products are good for them. The ethical issues that have been brought forward stem from the fact that children are too young to understand the main reasons behind marketing displays. Informing them about this will drastically reduce those ethical concerns and will at the same time still allow marketers to go about marketing their products. (Beder, 1998) It should be noted that some countries like Sweden have argued that children can understand the effects of commercial marketing after reaching the age of twelve; some have suggested four and others ten. They claim that at that point, be it 4, 10, or 12, children can understand the commercial world and the exploitation tendencies that their worlds present them. Consequently, human rights groups claim that marketers should not target children that fall below that group. But that debate can be eliminated if children below those established ages are made aware of the commercial world. Regulations This is something that is already in place, but still needs more emphasis. Advertisements should not be aired during children’s programming as they are likely to be unsupervised at that point. Governments should institute statutory regulations on television advertisements. Advertisements should also be edited such that they do not seem to appeal to the child directly. They should be made in such a way that they will involve the parent or family. (Mohandeep, 2001)) Conclusion Advertisements to children have sparked off lot of controversy resulting in various reactions in various countries. However, experts agree that unethical marketing occurs when advertisements are directly aimed at children without getting consent from parents. Organisations can go about this issue through regulating their content, changing their times and embarking on a consumer education to make their young audiences aware. (Waymack, 2000) Reference: Beder, S. (1998): Marketing to Children, University of Wollongong Journal Lizabeth E. (2001): Marketing With A Conscience: Sales and Ethics; Journal for the US Dept. of State Mohandeep S. (2001): Ethics in Marketing; Encyclopedia of Business and Finance Davidson, D. (2002): The Moral Dimension of Marketing; South-Western Educational Journal Murphy, P. et al (2004): Ethical Marketing; Prentice Hall Waymack, M. (2000): The ethics of selectively marketing the Health Maintenance Organization, Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, Issue 8, Volume 11, Pages 301-309 McGee, T. and Heubusch, K. (1997): Getting Inside Kids’ Heads; American Demographics, Vol. 19, No. 1.

The Accumulation Of Plastics In The World's 5 Gyres And How It Can Be Essay

The Accumulation Of Plastics In The World's 5 Gyres And How It Can Be Stopped - Essay Example The scale of plastic contamination found in the ocean water is immense. Epic amount of plastic debris has been observed floating on the ocean water beginning from the polar areas to the equator zone. The only solution to the issue is to stop dumping plastic waste in to the sea and minimize the use of plastic by switching to other alternatives where ever possible so that least plastic waste is produced. The disposal of plastic is immensely a problematic issue since much of it have been accumulating in to the enormous islands in the oceans, or gyres that are further continuing to accumulate or disintegrate in to several tiny pieces due to which sea creatures and people consume these plastic debris as we eat the marine animals. It was shocking to get to know that there are five such gyres of plastic accumulate, which is extremely hazardous for both the marine and the land habitat. Numerous marine animals die every year due to the pollution in ocean as they either ingest or get entangled in marine debris that is the waste disposed by us in to the rivers, oceans and other water ways. A vast portion of this waste reaches the seas through the rivers. Almost 80 percent of the trash emanates from the landfills as well as from other urban sources. This waste then accumulates in gyres that are the areas of low winds and slow spiraling water along the coastlines. The fishes consume this waste, the sharks and other marine animals get entangled in it and the coral reefs get damaged by it. This immensely destroys the marine life. There exist five major ocean gyres in the entire world, which are namely: North Pacific Gyre, South Pacific Gyre, North Atlantic Gyre, South Atlantic Gyre and Indian Ocean Gyre. The sailors and the fishermen conventionally avoid these gyres since they are bereaved of wind and marine creatures. The North Pacific Gyre in the Pacific Ocean possess the largest portion of the plastic accumulate than the rest of the gyres. It is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch as it covers a massive area that is almost equal to the size of the Texas. The plastic debris extends to about 6 meters or 20 feet down in to the water column (Robards et al, 1997). It has been found that about 3.5 million tons of waste has been deposited to this area turning it in to a plastic island (Thiel et al, 2003). It has been estimated that this size would get double in the next 5 years (Thiel et al., 2003). According to the estimates by the researchers, there is about 6 kg or 13.2 pounds of plastic for every 1 kg or 2.2 pounds of plankton in this area (Moore, et al., 2001). Some researchers and scientists consider that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a misnomer for the floating pile of disposed-waste that is located between the Hawaiian and Oregon islands suggesting that massive amount waste should be managed. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch basically indicates an environmental disaster for the oceans of the world that opens the eyes of the people of the wo rld towards the intense need for the conservation policies taking the oceans in to account. This patch of waste was created and continued to exist due to the ocean currents. Actually, this patch is not static in position as it sometimes drifts in to masses of land that have now appeared to resemble landfills. The patch moves with the zone of high pressure of air that is known as the North Pacific

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories - Essay Example Subsequently, the emphasis on the health concept has affected the nursing concept. However, the health concept remains the nursing theory’s building block, with the aforementioned theories incorporating the concept of health as it is of major importance. This paper will present discussion of comparison analysis of health metaparadigm in General Systems, Self-Care Theories and the Human Caring Theory and highlight the main concepts in the Human Caring Theory. Discussion Health Concept Definition in King’s General Systems Theory Health metaparadigm refers to one’s dynamic experiences in life. When one optimally utilizes resources, he or she can attain full potential for daily life, which enables one to cope continuously with stressors within internal and external environment. Health can also be viewed as one’s capacity for social role functioning. According to Hanucharumkul (1989), King’s definition of health concept is equivocal. Health is viewed as how one is able to cope with growth and development stressors in internal and external environment, whereby one’s cultural inclination and efforts to conform are functional. This viewpoint seems to support Orem’s fundamentals for universal self-care and development. King’s view of social functionality of health is congruent with Orem’s viewpoint, although clinical model is not incorporated in King’s model. ... According to Hartweg (1990), Orem’s general theory has proven useful in health promotion activity by society. Health promotion concept focuses on illness. Orem’s concept of health promotion is correlated with concept of well-being and elevated wellness. The health promotion activity aims achieving high level of wellness for individuals, family, and community. The Self-Care Deficit Theory (SCDT) has been applicable in nursing context focusing on severe and chronic illnesses, such as rehabilitation, psychiatric and dialysis units. Health promotion concept enhances individual’s ability for general decision-making. Health promotion is only valid after attainment of stable health. Health promotion activity is conceptualized as an aspect of self-care activity. These activities must play integral role in life of an individual. Such activities might include positive nutritional practices, establishing systems for social support, coping with stressors, and involvement in physical exercises. The activities help in articulation of individual's potential (Hartweg, 1990). Self-care encompasses responsibility for adult’s own health, well-being, and existence. Self-care is initiated personally and must form important component of one’s lifestyle. King’s general conceptual framework echoes Orem’s pragmatic theory of self-care as deliberate practice. Health promotion behavior and practice of self-care tend to be congruent, with self-initiated self-care carried out with intention of attaining specific health targets. Orem attempts to distinguish health from well-being as two concepts that are related to state of humans. Orem defines health as condition

Reflective Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Journal - Coursework Example I considered the legal and ethical aspects that surround physician aid-in-dying before responding to the patient. Though I understood the patient’s tribulations, I was also wary of the complexities in the patient’s request. In a respectful and caring way, I explored the request to understand its origin and established potential interventions to alleviate the motivators of the request. The patient was clearly depressed and hence I opted to counsel her proposed palliative care and hospice as potential and effective alternatives. After 2 days of counseling, continued family support, and assistance from a palliative care specialist, the patient dropped the physician aid-in-dying request. The clinical experience was positive in that it reminded me of the significance of counseling in handling the elderly and terminally ill patients. The physical, mental, social, and spiritual suffering experienced by such patients leads to depression that may compel patients to request for the ethically and legally controversial physician aid-in-dying (Plaisted, 2013). Counselors, supportive families, and palliative care specialists can help in nursing elderly and terminally ill patients. However, the clinical experience was negative since it manifested how patients disregard medications, make irrational decisions, and give up on nursing care for terminal illness. This jeopardizes the capacity to manage terminal illness. Indeed, physician aid-in-dying request demeans many effective alternatives that can ease terminal suffering and guarantee long life (Plaisted, 2013). I would have made the situation better by recommending frequent counseling sessions for the patient since it was clear he would spend a long time in our hospital. Moreover, I would have consulted professional colleagues regarding physician aid-in-dying. Indeed, other professional colleagues would have helped in addressing most of the patient’s issues. For instance, palliative

Competitive Strategy, Resources, and Competencies Assignment

Competitive Strategy, Resources, and Competencies - Assignment Example These analyses include SWOT, Pestle, and Ansoff matrix among others. This paper explores and explains the meanings of some of these analyses, including SWOT, pestles, BCG, Porter’s five forces, core competencies, industry life cycle, and Ansoff matrix. Sometimes referred to as PEST, PESTLE analysis is a tool used by businesses analyze their marketing competitiveness. Generally, PESTLE helps firms to study and track the environment in which they operate or are intending to venture into. It is thus a vital tool for any business intending to launch a new product/projector markets. Each letter in the word PESTLE stands for certain factors that are vital to business operations and viability. While the P denotes Political, E stands for Economic, S for Social, T for Technological, L for Legal and E for Environmental factors (Porter, 1998). To keep track of the environment in which it operates, a business should consider all the factors that affect its productivity and profitability and PESTLE comes in handy as a tool for analyzing the whole environment for business ideas or plans. In fact, in recent times, ethical concerns have been added to PESTLE analysis. In a PESTLE analysis, a business must recognize the political situation (governme nt influences), the prevalent economic factors (inflation rate, interest rates, foreign exchange rates,), the culture of a market (cultural trends, demographics, and population analytics), technologies (automation, research, and development), legislation (consumer laws, safety standards, labor laws), and the environmental concerns (climate, weather, geographical location) (Porter, 1998). SWOT analysis is perhaps the most common business analysis tool used in scanning internal and external environments for business strategic planning. These factors are categorized as internal: strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and external, which are opportunities (O) and threats (T).  Ã‚  

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Death Penalty - Essay Example While some arguments are about moral judgments, others are disagreements about empirical trends, such as whether the death penalty is a more effective deterrent than life imprisonment. Ethical debate of the death penalty can be split into two main philosophical contexts, a deontological (a priori) context and a consequentiality context. A priori argument can be further subcategorized into a right argument and a virtue argument. Legal debate also generally falls into prior argument based on legal text. Consequentiality argument can be largely reduced to utilitarian formula through what amount to costs or benefits of the death penalty in terms of human lives and welfare. The deontological objection to the death penalty asserts that the death penalty is totally not correct by its nature, mostly due to the fact that it amounts to the violation of the right to life, which should be universal. In philosophical debate, however, the virtue school tends to argue that the death penalty is also "wrong" on the ground that the process is cruel and inhumane. It brutalizes the society at large and desensitizes and dehumanizes participants of the judicial process. In particular, it extinguishes the possibility of rehabilitation and redemption of the perpetrator(s). Deon tic justification to the death penalty, on the other hand, argues that the death penalty is "right" by nature, mostly on the ground that retribution against the violator of another life or liberty is "just". It naturally follows that not applying death penalty to heinous murder would be unjust. In the context of virtue, they point out that without proper retribution, the judicial system further brutalizes the victim or victim's family and friends, which amounts to secondary victimization. Moreover, the judicial process which applies the death penalty reinforces the sense of justice among participants as well as the citizens as a whole, and might even provide incentive for the perpetrator to own up to their crim e. Many argue that there are advantages of looking at capital punishment from a utilitarian perspective, that is, one which looks at costs and benefits for human welfare. The deontological debate helps to clarify the respective positions of the debate, but offers no way to reach consensus because each argument stands on different a priori ground. Similarly, legal argument can clarify a priori legal or constitutional grounds of the death penalty. However, it offers no insight over whether such law or constitutional clause can be justified on its merit. A utilitarian approach is attractive because the issue is more easily resolved through the examination of empirical evidence, such as evidence about the penalty's effectiveness as a deterrent. Opponents of the utilitarian approach argue that it is flawed for the very reason that it does not take into consideration the complicating ideas which deontology considers, such as the right to life or just retribution. The death penalty is often opposed on the grounds that, because every criminal justice system is fallible, innocent people will inevitably be executed by mistake, and the death penalty is both irreversible and more severe than lesser punishments. The supporters of the death penalty point out that lesser punishments, including life imprisonment, can also be imposed in error and incarceration is also irreversible if the innocent dies in prison. Moreover, whether money is an acceptable compensation for long period of incarceration is a matter of

Fulton's Ice Land (Case Analysis) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fulton's Ice Land ( Analysis) - Case Study Example However, the Friday-Saturday evening sessions are less convenient and the daily noon time sessions have least attendance. Problem Recognition The current source of profit of the company is the hockey matches. Besides, the response for the weekend afternoon sessions is also good. However the Friday and Saturday sessions traffic is only around 50 to 100. The promotional efforts are ineffective because of mixed customer profile – kids and teen couples. Section 2: Recommendations Target Market The main problem lies in indecision regarding target market profile. The company is trying to target young adult market, whereas the traffic is most for kids. The highest turnout has been 200 with mostly kids and families, whereas the rink capacity is 700. The company caters to northern US city with a population of 450000. As per the case there are no immediate competitors. Therefore company should allocate its resources to develop and mature the already existing segment instead of trying to attract another segment. If the company can build a strong brand salience in kids section, then it can improve its financial statistics as well as consider expansion in teen couple sector later. Therefore the current target market estimate is: Total Population – 450000 % of Kids in U.S. - 20.2 (Central Intelligence Agency of United States, 2010) Potential Market – 90900 Positioning Primary Positioning (for kids) The weekend public session mostly consists of kids who have been dropped off by their parents for several hours. Therefore, the concept of entertainment as well as adult supervision should be the promotional point. The security features should be highlighted and the rink should be seen as a secure recreational zone for kids, and such positioning will help increase the consumer frequency during weekends. Secondary Positioning (for athletes) The secondary positioning can be done for athletes or sports loving personalities. Separate sports merchandise stands and organic food stands and expert skating trainings should be included for sport’s lovers. 4P’s Product The products should be mainly targeted towards kids consisting of kids’ movie merchandises. There can also be sports merchandise shops during the hockey programs. There should be a snack’s bar offering organic and fast food. Special events, competitions, and DJ shows should be organized for kids. Mini rides can be installed. Other facilities may include wireless internet and more developed acoustic systems for entertainment. Price The price for gaming will be $2 an hour and the price the tickets for toy rides can be $2 per ride-lot cheaper than theme parks or gaming zones. Unique membership programs should be introduced. These will include discounts on the food and toy rides. Besides members would be allowed one free guest pass for special events. The membership costs (entry level + skates) can be $10 and there will be 50% discount on rides and food and sp ecial events. Th

Sexual harassment in the workplace Research Paper

Sexual harassment in the workplace - Research Paper Example This is a crucial topic to discuss since women have made significant progress towards achieving respect and equality at the work place, but there are some challenges that face their efforts. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction For many years, women’s rights have been under threat, whether it is within the family set up or any other place outside the family set up. In many countries, the civil society organizations are in the forefront fighting for women equality in all spheres of life. However, equality have failed to prevail in various areas whereby women face lack protection from violence, political, economic, and personal security, and also lack of full access to sexual and reproductive health. It is worth mentioning that women have come out in large numbers to join the workforce around the world (Kaushik, 2003). Discussion The need to be financially independent is a significant contributing factor to these advancements in women life. The increased number of wom en in the workplace is marked with increased vulnerability of women to acts of sexual harassment. This form of women mistreatment is said to be the oldest and most widely spread form of women harassment. In addition, it affects lives of all women irrespective of their culture, age, religion, income, race or class. Experts point out that sexual harassment is a tool that men use to portray their dominance on women since they are considered to be the weaker gender. The most affected women in the society are those focused on fighting the patriarchal system (Shahira & Widad, 2009). Sexual harassment being about power puts women in an inferior position. There are women who respond to acts of sexual harassment in extremely strict manner, but the largest number of women continues to suffer in silence. Those who persevere with acts of sexual harassment do so due to fear of stigma, hostility, ridicule, and discrimination. At the work place, the management must ensure that women are protected from acts of sexual harassment as well as handling such cases in a free and fair manner when they arise. However, due regard is not paid to such cases, which aggravates the issue of sexual harassment in such organizations (Cobb-Clark, 2009). Over a long period of time, many countries have failed to recognize the issue of sexual harassment as a key violation of human rights. This has caused the lack of clear rules and methods to deal with cases of sexual harassment. However, countries such as India have made tremendous progress in combating offences on sexual harassment. In India, the Supreme Court recognizes acts of sexual harassment as unacceptable acts, which cannot be condoned at work places. The increased number of women at workplaces and the closeness between men and women calls for clear guidelines on how to deal sexual harassment in all countries (Shahira & Widad, 2009). Women are known to be excellent in whatever they do. Going by this fact, providing a safe work environment for women implies that their productivity at the workplace will be optimum. Therefore, any organization that is to excel in its operations should take advantage of its women work force. Study based evidence indicates that, in work places where women are in authority, there are less cases of sexual harassments towards women. This observation implies that main perpetrators of acts of sexual harassment are men in authority. This gives men in such positions a lot advantages since the affected women fear

Japanese tie dye Essay Example for Free

Japanese tie dye Essay Contrary to what most people believe, tie-dying is something that was not invented in America during the 1960s. The beginnings of tie-dying go back to pre-history as many countries have experiment the use of bindings in creating patterns on cloth dipped in extensive dye. Several types of tie-dye have been practiced in Africa, India, and Japan for many centuries. Tie-dye was first used back in the ancient times. Together with shells, beads, and other fancy ornamentations, tie-dye was done by the early ancestors. It became fully developed during the T’ang dynasty in China around 618-906 A.  D. In Japan, it was introduced in 552-794 A. D. during the Nara period (Wada, 124). Since hemp and silk are very responsive to the resist technique, tie-dying art became outstanding. Early tribes from Central America, South East Asia, and Western China, tied and dyed their threads before weaving the cloth. The woven material showed exquisite designs as the white lines of the tie blended uniquely together with the colored dyes. The early dyes that were used were extracted from different leaves, flowers, roots, and berries. The selection of the early people included safflower, onion, marigold, lichen, blackberries, red cabbage, indigo, and sage. These dyes can still be found and used at present; however synthetic dyes have become more developed and are widely used. Synthetic dyes are permanent, efficient, and quick-setting. In 1568 to 1603, tsujigahana was a popular art. It was an art combining the ornamental drawings out of sumi (Chinese ink) plus tie-dye (Kafka, 87). Tie-dying can be used as a total design or it can be used in creating large part where trees, flowers or even landscapes are drawn and made into designs. During these times, Japan was split into kingdoms. Tie-dyed kosode or kimonos were the most prized gifts of recognition given to those officers who have exemplified bravery during the battles. Kimonos exhibit appealing alternatives in using tie-dyes. Tie-dye also has other forms and can be found all over the world. Different forms of tie-dye have emerged and distinguished the various nations of Africa. The Bandhani, also known as Bandhej, Bandhni or Plangi which is the Malay-Indonesian name, is an Indian tie-dye technique which is recognized as the oldest tie-dye tradition still practiced in the world. This technique engages in designs made of dots in which tiny points are tied with thread prior to immersion dyeing. During the Roaring ‘20’s, pamphlets were printed that contains instructions on how to decorate homes with tie-dyed throw-pillows and curtains in the United States. Then during the Depression, girls cut up cotton flour sacks then tied-dyed and sewed them into clothing, tablecloths and curtains – showing that when times become tough, tie-dyeing has been a contributing agent in brightening peoples’ lives. When the 1960’s â€Å"do your own thing† movement that promotes individuality emerged among the young people, tie-dyeing became an instant hit once again. That time, each person would make a statement by means of personal touch to tie-dyeing clothes. Silk and cotton banners were the in style backdrops for rock and roll concerts, tie-dyed sheets were transformed into wall hangings and room dividers. Later in the 1980’s, the art of tie-dyeing reemerged as an art form which needed highly-skilled and labor intensive artists. The quality of the tie-dye had never been better with the emergence of a wider array of design and colors of different tone. The old dyes that used to fade so badly was replaced with a permanent and easy to use dyes. Pastel colors became a favorite for the more conservative artists. However, the colors became widely available in bright rainbow colors, purples, earth tones, toned down blues – creating limitless number of designs that are at the same time completely unique.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Style Analysis Essay Example for Free

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Style Analysis Essay Macro: Plot:â€Å"Pretty soon he it was Miss Watson’s Jim! I bet I was glad to see him. I says: ‘Hello, Jim!’ and skipped out.† (Twain 40) â€Å"Who do you reckon ‘t is?† â€Å"I hain’t no idea. Who is it?† â€Å"It’s Tom Sawyer!† (Twain 203) Point of View: â€Å"It didn’t take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn’t no kings nor dukes, at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds.† (Twain 115) â€Å"Well, I couldn’t see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldn’t try for it. † (Twain 6-7) Micro: Figurative Language: â€Å"I never see such an old ostrich for wanting to gobble everything and I a trusting you all the time, like you was my own father.† (Twain 189) â€Å"BOOM!† I see the white smoke squirt out of the ferry-boat’s side.† (Twain 36) Allusion:â€Å"ONe was â€Å"Pilgrim’s Progress,† about a man that left his family it didn’t say why.† (Twain 93) â€Å"Why, hain’t you ever read any books at all?† Baron Trenck, nor Casanova, nor Benvenuto Chel -getting a prisoner loose in such an old- maidy way as that? No;† (Twain 216) Imagery:â€Å"There was a clock in the middle of the mantel-piece, with a picture of a town painted on the bottom half of the glass front, and a round place in the middle of it for the sun, and you could see the pendulum swing behind it. It was beautiful to hear that clock tick.† (Twain 93) â€Å"and a streak of butter come a trickling down my forehead, and Aunt Sally she see it, and turns white as a sheet.† (Twain 245) Themes: In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry FInn finding the truth yourself is wiser than believing what others tell you. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain he portrays how differences bring people closer together and make peace.

Stroke The Causes And Effects Health And Social Care Essay

Stroke The Causes And Effects Health And Social Care Essay In this assignment I discuss Paul who is a 65 year old male and has suffered a stroke. My aim is to explain what a stroke is, the causes and effects, and give you my understanding of how I as a Health Care Worker can help identify, meet and care for the clients needs following a stroke. For this assignment I will bring together the knowledge I have gained as a health care assistant student to date along with some research also. I have carried out my research using the internet, Irish heart foundation, stroke centre organisation, stroke.ie. My focus as a health care assistant is to explain what care my client should receive after his stroke, identify the assistance needed and give recommendations to meet his rehabilitation, to help him keep abilities and gain back lost abilities and also take care of his needs such as physical, emotional, social and intellectual needs. Introduction A stroke is caused by an interruption of the blood supply to part of the brain, the term stroke comes from the fact that it usually happens without any warning, striking the person from out of the blue (ihf.com) A stroke can happen to anyone, some people are at higher risk for different reasons such as age and family history. Other risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, being overweight, diabetes, and high cholesterol. 2 people per 1000 in the world have a stroke, people affected are mostly over the age of 60, and stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death over the age of 65yrs. (ihf.com) Paul is 65 years old and lives alone he was very active and in good health up until he suffered a stroke. Paul suffered an ischaemic stroke (a cerebral thrombosis) a cerebral thrombosis is the most common type of stroke. When Paul arrived at the hospital he was met by the stroke physician. He spent 2 days in intensive care and 4 days on the high dependency ward and is now is on a recovery ward. I the health care assistant along with the rehabilitation team in the hospital doctor, nurse, consultant, and physiotherapist etc will help assist in my clients recovery. Stroke Effects A stroke causes damage to the brain, the effects depend on the part of the brain that is affected, but every stroke is different. (stroke.ie) For some people the effects are mild and dont last long, other strokes can have severe or continued disability. The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa. (stroke.ie) Any weakness or paralysis in the right arm can result from a stroke from the left side of the brain. The left side of the brain in the majority of people controls language, reading, talking, writing and understanding. On the right side perceptual skills (understanding what you see, hear, touch) and spatail skills (speed, position, and distance) are controlled. Paralysis happens because of damage to the area of the brain that sends messages to the limbs and balance can be affected also. Swallowing problems affect half of the people who have had a stroke, so food and liquids are harder to swallow. Communicating can affect the persons ability to use and understand language this is known as aphasia, two main communication problems are difficulty understanding the spoken word and trouble to express words. Vision can be lost on one side, if the person has weakness on the left side of the body it can be difficult to see on that side. Emotional changes ups and downs can be caused either by distress that comes from having a stroke, or changes that have happened in the brain. (stroke.ie) Changes in the brain cause mood swings, depression, anger, sadness and loss of confidence, so the patient may find it hard to control emotions and can laugh or cry for no reason. Needs Met Physical ~ some people find it difficult to keep up with leisure activities due to low mood, no motivation, a disability or low self-esteem following a stroke. While still in my care, i will help my client by keeping his abilities he has, and gain back the abilities he has lost with stroke, I will help my patient with any exercise he needs and help him become more independent. I will along with the physiotherapist will help my client get into good sitting and lying positions as this helps to prevent skin breakdown, support the weak side affected to help reduce changes in muscle tone due to inactivity, and at all times encourage my client to reach his personal goals. Hygiene ~ the care of a clients personal hygiene is very important for their health and wellbeing. I will ensure that the clients hygiene needs are met and will help my client with his daily hygiene by washing him at his bedside until he is able to get into the shower, also helping him with dressing, shaving and brushing his teeth. Nutrition ~ is very important in maintaining the clients health, and good nutrition is vital as it helps maintain body weight and keeps the cells working properly. My client Paul is left handed and is very weak on the right side so I will assist with his meals until he gains enough strength to feed himself. He has dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), so I have pureed his food to make it easier for him to swallow. There are specialised utensils that will help my client when he gains the ability to feed himself. Emotional ~ following a stroke the person is left with a sense of loss and may feel anger, fear, worry, uncertainty and rejection. I will provide Paul with psychological comfort re assuring him that he is in safe and secure surroundings, and will show him patience, understanding, empathy and encouragement supporting him always in his recovery. Aftercare Care at Home Stroke rehabilitation is the process by which a stroke survivor works with a team of health care providers with the aim of regaining as much of the function lost after a stroke as possible. (sc.org) My client will join in a comprehensive rehabilitation programme in hospital and when he leaves, this will increase his chances of recovery and help him regain a large part of his functions lost as a result of stroke. Some of the professional team involved in this will be: Physical medicine rehabilitation physicians, physiatrists take both the physical impairments and medical conditions of their patients into account and work with other health practitioners to devise treatment plans. (stroke.org) Physical therapy will help my client restore function, improve mobility, relive pain and help limit permanent disabilities and also help with maintaining overall fitness and health. Occupational therapy will help Paul with any mental, physical or emotional problems by developing his ability to pe rform tasks in his daily living surroundings, and help him recover or keep daily living and work skills. Speech therapy is a very important part of life after a stroke as aphasia disturbs the process of language and understanding due to brain damage from a stroke my client can receive this to help him gain back this ability. My client has family are able to help, and will play a vital part in the care and wellbeing that Paul will need when he goes home. They can help him by supporting and encouraging him through the different stages of his recovery. The public health nurse is part of a community care team and will provide helpful advice on managing difficulties that can happen while caring for a person in their home. She will also assess my clients needs, so that she can supply him with appropriate support services, speech therapy, physiotherapist, social worker, and home help etc. Paul can also get advice on practical aids such as walking frames, suitable beds and any other mobilit y aids my client may need. Conclusion A stroke can be a devastating and distressing experience to happen to the individual and their families, stealing the person effected of their independence, confidence, abilities and health. Stroke recovery is usually a slow process and can often take months while the brain is healing. Recovery all depends on the person and long term effects can range from mild to severe. There is a wide range of specialists that care for a stroke patient from the medical, nursing, and therapy professionals. The multi-disciplinary team give care to the person in a range of settings, ICU, general ward, and home after care. Some people are affected mildly and may not take long to recover, but in others it can leave the person with severe disabilities, paralysis, communication problems, and loss of vision, physical and emotional changes. All of the people involved aim to help the person regain the highest level of function, although after a stroke the person may depend totally on others as they can be v ery ill. The care and needs will change as their conditions may get worse or better,